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(I explain the LHMP here and provide a cumulative index.)
Most historic accounts of women who had same-sex desires or relationships with women show us only an outside observer's account. The motivations and feelings of the women involved are typically known only via their reports to others--a context where self-editing and self-censoring can be expected. This is why a record such as Anne Lister's can be so ground-breaking to our understanding.
Lister's diaries were never meant for any reader but herself. Key passages were encoded in a cipher to ensure privacy. And she engaged in deep and ruthless self-examination of her life and her desires, which is not to say that she was always successful at being honest with herself. This is no angel or saint. She was a snob. She regularly was less than honest with those around her, not only to protect her reputation but for all the usual casual purposes that grease the wheels of social interaction. Her notions of sexual fidelity are quite flexible. And even when she tries to be forthright with those closest to her about her long-term life plans, she flip-flops in her own heart so often that her messages are not merely mixed, they are pureed and homogenized.
Whitbread has edited two volumes of Lister's diaries, deciphering the writing, decoding the cipher, and excerpting the portions that provide a detailed view of her life and thoughts. This set of blog posts will cover the first volume (covering 1817-1824) in nine entries (the introduction and one entry for each year). I plan to break for other publications after that before tackling the second volume.
It was hard to decide how to approach my summaries--a life doesn't lend itself to the sort of "primary themes and conclusions" that I usually provide. Instead I have chosen to briefly summarize those entries that touch on her romantic relationships and sexual life, with enough other details to provide minimal context. I also have blogged these as I read through them and have not gone back and tidied up, so the reader will share my experience of being jerked back and forth as Lister firmly decides to take certain actions and then reverses herself a few entries later.
* * *
Whitbread, Helena ed. 1992. I Know My Own Heart: The Diaries of Anne Lister 1791-1840. New York University Press, New York. ISBN 0-8147-9249-9
Introduction
This volume covers 1817 to 1824: Anne Lister lived from 1791 to 1840 at Halifax in West Yorkshire, England. Born one of six children, to an upper class family, the deaths of her four brothers enabled her to inherit Shibden Hall where she then lived with her Uncle James and Aunt Anne (unmarried siblings) from age 24 on, leaving her parental home. Finances were difficult at first but she seems to have had a talent far careful management and eventually had sufficient funds to travel.
Dissatisfied with the limitations of Halifax society, she engaged in a program of self-education, studying classical and modern languages, science, history, literature, and philosophy. Her more eccentric habits of dress and behavior earned her the nickname of "Gentleman Jack" among her neighbors and, at times, attracted rude and sometimes threatening attention from strange men.
Her eccentricity went deeper than appearance. As she wrote in her journal in 1821 at age 30, on the occasion of burning the correspondence of a rejected male suitor, "I love and only love the fairer sex and thus, beloved by them in turn, my heart revolts from any other love than theirs." The uniqueness of her record lies not necessarily in the nature of her sentiments or her embracing of her desire for women, but in her meticulous record of those sentiments and actions--embedded in a larger context of every day life--and the assortment of design and chance that allowed that record to be preserved for us, not least by the obscuring code she used that may have prevented others from feeling the need to destroy the diaries.
And this is not the record of an isolated figure suffering from unrequited passions. A number of women returned her love in various forms, though not all had the resolution or ability to reject marriage and male courtship as she did. The two most significant in the period covered by the extracts in this volume were Marianne, with whom Anne maintained a mutually passionate love affair both before and after Marianne's marriage, and Isabella (Tib) who seems to have been as exclusively devoted to women as Anne was and who at one point hoped to become Anne's permanent partner.
Whitbread tackled the immense task of unraveling the cipher that Lister used for the more sensitive passages in her journals, as well as the more ordinary labor of transcribing cramped handwriting and expanding the frequent abbreviations. In this summary, I've confined myself to the entries touching on her emotional and sexual life, but the diaries are also fascinating for the portrait of a woman dedicated to an intellectual life in the absence of formal or social support for that goal. Even such covert topics as her romantic relationships are built up out of an extensive scattering of everyday interactions.
Most historic accounts of women who had same-sex desires or relationships with women show us only an outside observer's account. The motivations and feelings of the women involved are typically known only via their reports to others--a context where self-editing and self-censoring can be expected. This is why a record such as Anne Lister's can be so ground-breaking to our understanding.
Lister's diaries were never meant for any reader but herself. Key passages were encoded in a cipher to ensure privacy. And she engaged in deep and ruthless self-examination of her life and her desires, which is not to say that she was always successful at being honest with herself. This is no angel or saint. She was a snob. She regularly was less than honest with those around her, not only to protect her reputation but for all the usual casual purposes that grease the wheels of social interaction. Her notions of sexual fidelity are quite flexible. And even when she tries to be forthright with those closest to her about her long-term life plans, she flip-flops in her own heart so often that her messages are not merely mixed, they are pureed and homogenized.
Whitbread has edited two volumes of Lister's diaries, deciphering the writing, decoding the cipher, and excerpting the portions that provide a detailed view of her life and thoughts. This set of blog posts will cover the first volume (covering 1817-1824) in nine entries (the introduction and one entry for each year). I plan to break for other publications after that before tackling the second volume.
It was hard to decide how to approach my summaries--a life doesn't lend itself to the sort of "primary themes and conclusions" that I usually provide. Instead I have chosen to briefly summarize those entries that touch on her romantic relationships and sexual life, with enough other details to provide minimal context. I also have blogged these as I read through them and have not gone back and tidied up, so the reader will share my experience of being jerked back and forth as Lister firmly decides to take certain actions and then reverses herself a few entries later.
* * *
Whitbread, Helena ed. 1992. I Know My Own Heart: The Diaries of Anne Lister 1791-1840. New York University Press, New York. ISBN 0-8147-9249-9
Introduction
This volume covers 1817 to 1824: Anne Lister lived from 1791 to 1840 at Halifax in West Yorkshire, England. Born one of six children, to an upper class family, the deaths of her four brothers enabled her to inherit Shibden Hall where she then lived with her Uncle James and Aunt Anne (unmarried siblings) from age 24 on, leaving her parental home. Finances were difficult at first but she seems to have had a talent far careful management and eventually had sufficient funds to travel.
Dissatisfied with the limitations of Halifax society, she engaged in a program of self-education, studying classical and modern languages, science, history, literature, and philosophy. Her more eccentric habits of dress and behavior earned her the nickname of "Gentleman Jack" among her neighbors and, at times, attracted rude and sometimes threatening attention from strange men.
Her eccentricity went deeper than appearance. As she wrote in her journal in 1821 at age 30, on the occasion of burning the correspondence of a rejected male suitor, "I love and only love the fairer sex and thus, beloved by them in turn, my heart revolts from any other love than theirs." The uniqueness of her record lies not necessarily in the nature of her sentiments or her embracing of her desire for women, but in her meticulous record of those sentiments and actions--embedded in a larger context of every day life--and the assortment of design and chance that allowed that record to be preserved for us, not least by the obscuring code she used that may have prevented others from feeling the need to destroy the diaries.
And this is not the record of an isolated figure suffering from unrequited passions. A number of women returned her love in various forms, though not all had the resolution or ability to reject marriage and male courtship as she did. The two most significant in the period covered by the extracts in this volume were Marianne, with whom Anne maintained a mutually passionate love affair both before and after Marianne's marriage, and Isabella (Tib) who seems to have been as exclusively devoted to women as Anne was and who at one point hoped to become Anne's permanent partner.
Whitbread tackled the immense task of unraveling the cipher that Lister used for the more sensitive passages in her journals, as well as the more ordinary labor of transcribing cramped handwriting and expanding the frequent abbreviations. In this summary, I've confined myself to the entries touching on her emotional and sexual life, but the diaries are also fascinating for the portrait of a woman dedicated to an intellectual life in the absence of formal or social support for that goal. Even such covert topics as her romantic relationships are built up out of an extensive scattering of everyday interactions.
