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"History is written by the victors" is a familiar adage, and it holds a lot of truth in it. But as an analysis of who specifically is writing the history, and what they're out to do, it falls a bit short.

First of all, we should acknowledge that history -- like many intellectual fields, and perhaps more than some -- really does involve standing on the shoulders of, if not giants, then at least the ordinary-sized people who came before you. Until we invent time travel, there's no way to go back and get fresh primary data on, say, the Battle of Marathon; we have a limited number of ancient sources on any particular topic, and some of those sources are probably based on their fellows, narrowing the pool even further. There are also histories we only know about because a later historian mentioned, summarized, or outright quoted those in the course of writing their own work. Archaeology can fill in some gaps, but not all of them, and not of all kinds. When we're extremely lucky, a document turns up that contains a previously unknown fragment of somebody's history, but that's rare.

So who are the giants whose shoulders we're standing on?

Some of them are, to put it bluntly, dilettantes. Some guy (it's usually a guy) with time and money decides to write a history of his current era, a past one, or -- if he's feeling really ambitious -- a sweeping account of everything up to the present moment, at least in his own land, or maybe the whole region. Or the whole history of the world! If he's writing about the more distant past, he assembles all the previous histories he can gets his hands on and synthesizes them into one narrative, maybe with the aforementioned summaries and quotations. But what does he do when those sources disagree? If he's a rigorous fellow, he'll note the disagreements and perhaps offer his own judgment on which one is more reliable. If he's not, then he'll just choose and not tell you . . . or even make up his own answer, based on his philosophical convictions and what "makes sense."

But while the dilettantes can be interesting, where I find this actually fruitful for worldbuilding is the more official end, where the Powers That Be get involved.

It's not uncommon in history, but vanishingly rare in the fiction I've read, for there to be a royal chronicler of some sort whose job is to record the events of the monarch's reign. This can be anywhere from a tool of governance ("let's look up how we handled a similar situation before") to an exercise in ego-stroking -- with those two options not being mutually exclusive! It can also be a tool of legitimization, when the chronicler's job extends past the current reign into the events that came before. A history of a dynasty burnishes the credentials of its current scion; if the dynasty is new, this may be even more important, as the chronicler lays out the arguments -- genealogical, supernatural, or what have you -- that justify why the current guy ought to be on the throne.

. . . and yes, this does sometimes mean that "history" ought to have sarcasm quotes around it. A chronicler's job is not always to record fact, but rather to create a historical narrative that favors his employer. Someone who refuses will rapidly be out of a job, imprisoned, or even executed -- and the latter two fates can also befall the dilettante who writes an unfavorable account.

But not always! While it's often true, especially in older eras, that history is written to flatter those in power, there are some fascinating exceptions.

The Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty from Korea are a truly astonishing historical resource, covering nearly five hundred years in nearly nineteen hundred volumes. But even more impressive than their scale is their completeness and integrity, thanks to a well-regulated system. There were eight historians tasked with recording current affairs; the king was always accompanied by at least one and forbidden to conduct official business without a historian present. Then, after he died, those daily records and other sources like administrative accounts were compiled into an official version whose drafting and revision were overseen by ministers and scholars.

What's truly gobsmacking here is the information security they practiced. After the official account was finalized, all its sources were destroyed, to prevent information from leaking out via other routes. Sounds like a recipe for flattering revisionist history, right? Except that even the king himself was not permitted to read the official history. Only authorized historians could do so, and if they spilled anything about what it said -- much less tried to change it -- they faced serious punishment. They had so much editorial independence and legal protection that it led to a famous incident still remembered more than six hundred years later: when King Taejong fell off his horse and tried to order his accompanying historian not to record that event, not only did the historian note the fall, but he also included the order he ignored.

Furthermore, the Veritable Records existed in multiple copies held in different locations -- a security measure that's the only reason we still have the earlier volumes, since all but one copy were destroyed during the sixteenth-century Japanese invasion. Making those duplicates was of course aided by the existence of printing presses: by the time the Veritable Records began, Korea had movable type. Doing the same thing in, say, eighth-century Europe would have been wildly more difficult.

If similar security measures had been taken with the text known as the Secret History of the Mongols, we might not now have the massively frustrating gap left by someone literally cutting pages out of it. The last bit of text before the hole has Genghis Khan saying "Let us reward our female offspring" -- and given that other records allow us to piece together the scale of power and influence his daughters wielded, it's a tantalizing lacuna. I await someone with the proper Mongolian chops to give us the alternate history we deserve, about one of them rising to become khatun over her father's mighty empire!

Given the interest right now in "dark academia" as a subgenre, I'm a little sad we don't have more stories about this process of making history and all the tensions around it. Whether it's the discovery of some fragmentary text that undermines the official narrative, a royal chronicler balancing a commitment to truth against the desire to keep his head on his shoulders, or a Joseon-style historian defending a priceless archive against political attack, I feel like there's real potential there!



(originally posted at Swan Tower: https://www.swantower.com/2026/05/22/new-worlds-the-annals-of-history/)